Process of amd apparatus for working metals by the direct



(No Model.)

4 Sheets-Sheet 1.

N. DE "BENARDOS & s. OLSZEWSKI. PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKINGMETALS BY THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT.

No. 363,320. Patented May 1'7, 1887.

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(No Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 2.

' N. DE 'BENAR'DOS & S. OLSZEWSKI'. PROGEsS OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKINGMETALS BY} THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF THE ELEGTRIG CURRENT. 0. 363,320.Patented May 17, 1887.

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(No Model.) 4 Sheets--Sheet a. N. DBBENARDOS & S. OLSZEWSKI. PROGEYSS OFAND APPARATUS FOR WORKING METALS BY THE DIRECT I APPLIOATION OF THEELECTRIC CURRENT. No. 363,320.

Patented May 17, 1887.

WWEEEEE (No Model.) 4 SheetsSheet 4.

N. DR 'BENARDOS & OLSZEWSKI. PROCESS OI AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING METALSBY THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT.

No 363,320. Patented May 17, 1887.

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TIE--1 E I IZZZZZ? UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

NICHOLAS DE BENARDOS AND STANISLAS OLSZEWSKI, OF ST. PETERS- BURG,RUSSIA.

PROCESS OF AND APPARATUS FOR WORKING METALS BY THE DIRECT APPLiCATION 0FTHE ELECTRIC CURRENT.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 363,320, dated May 17,1887.

Application filed December 3, 1885. Serial No.184,575. (No model.)Patented in France October 10, 1885, No. 171,596; in Belgium October 20,1885, No. 70,569; in England October 21, 1885, No. 12,984; in GermanyNovember 1, 1885, No. 38,0l1; in Sweden November 6, 1885, No. 726; inRussia December 31, 1886, No. 11,982, and in Spain January 5, 1887, No.10,267.

as follows: in France, No. 171,596, dated Oc-' tober 10, 1885; in-Belgium, No. 70,569, dated October 20, 1885; in England, No. 12,984,

dated October 21, 1885; in Russia, No. 11,982, dated December 31, 1886;in Sweden, No". 726, dated November 6, 1885; in Spain, No. 10,267, datedJanuary 5,1887, and in Germany, No. 38,011, dated November 1, 1885,) ofwhich the following is a specification.

Our invention contemplates the formation or production of the voltaicare between the metal to be operated on and a conductor which is broughtfor said purpose into proper proximity to that point on the metal whichis to be operated on, the conductor forming one pole,while the metal tobe worked constitutes in itself the other pole. In other words, themetal to be workedand the conductor extraneous to said metal constitutetwo electrodes or terminals, by the approach of which to each other thecircuit in which both are included can be completed through the voltaicare pro duced between them. It is this feature which mainlycharacterizes our invention, and which differentiates it from othermethods which have been proposed of working or melting metals by theelectric current.

The advantages attending our invention are, briefly stated, itssimplicity and efficiency, as well as its wide range of application inthe industrial arts.

The only apparatus needed to put this invention into practice outside ofthe electrical generator or source of electrical supply, and the circuitleading therefrom to the metal to be worked and to the extraneousconductor, is a holder for the said conductor, the holder and the metalto be operated on being so arranged as to be movable relatively to eachother, so as to bring the conductor opposite to any desired point on themetal. lVe prefer, usually, to move the conductor holder over the metal.'The conductor preferably consists of astick or cylindrical rod ofcarbon. The form and material of said conductor, however, are notessential features.

In the accompanying drawings we have shown some forms of apparatus,whichwewill now proceed to describe, in order to more fully explain themanner in which our process can be practically applied.

Figure 1 is a side elevation, partly in sec- 5 tion, of a simple form ofcarbon-holder. Fig.

2 is a like view of a holder adapted to rest upon and be moved over theface of the metal plate or plates which are to be operated on. Fig. 3 isa side elevation of a modified form of 6 5 apparatus. Fig. 4is a sectionon line 4 4, Fig.

3. Fig. 5 is a section on line 5 5, Fig. 3. Fig.

6 is a plan of the rails on which the holder shown in Fig. 3 is mounted.Fig. 7 is a side elevation of a form of apparatus in which the carbon isstationary and the metal to be operated on is movable under the carbon.Figs.

8 to 21 represent various applications of the invention or uses to whichit may be put.

The holder shown in Fig. 1 consists of a 7 wooden or othernon-conducting handle, A, having in its rear end a socket andbindingscrew, B, electrically connected to the conducting stem or shankG, to which is jointed or hinged at H a sleeve, E, containing the carbonpencil D,heldin place therein by clampscrew F. The binding-screw Bservesto hold in place the metallic conductor O,which leads from one pole(usually and preferablythe pole) of the source of electricity. The otherpole of said source of electricity is connected to the metal to beoperated on. When the carbon D, under these conditions, is brought intoproximity to the metal to be operated on, the voltaic arc will beproduced between the 0 two, with the effect of heating, softening, andfinally melting the metal at the point where thearc meets it. The holdercan be moved over the metal from one point to another to act on it in acontinuous line, or at separate points, as desired. I

The apparatus shown in operation in Fig.

' 2 consists, also, of a wooden handle, A,with a metallic socket andbinding-screw, B, at its rear end, metallic shank G, jointed sleeve E,

clamp-screw F, and carbon pencil D, as in the:

preceding figure. Handle A has a fiat base,

A, which rests upon and can move over the two metal plates 0" r to beoperated on. The

conductor 0 for the carbon, leads from the pole of battery X, (typicalof any source ofv gether at 00, and its front end, G, is continued.

back of the joint in the form of a lever, G, which extendsunderthehandle A. A spring, K, keeps the part G, and consequently thecarbon D, lifted, thus maintaining a normallyopen circuit. By pressinglever G toward the handle the carbon "can be lowered into properproximity to the 'plates 1", r to producebetween it and them the voltaicare. In this figure the apparatus is shown in operation uniting the twoplates by a process akin to riveting. By the action of the voltaic arethe metal is gradually melted, the fusion extending through into bothplates, the melted portions of which are mingled together, so that whenthe same cool the two plates, as to said fused portions, are virtuallyin one homogeneous piece. v

The apparatus shown in Figs. 3, 4,5 in the main resembles thatillustrated in'Fig. 2. Itsbase is provided with front and rear pairs offlanged wheels, which run upon either one. of

two pairs of rails, L L, on a track-frame, M. The rails L are cogged ortoothed, as shown, and aredesigned to be used when the holder isemployed for'what may be termed pointunion-that is to say, for operatingon the metal at points whose distances from one another will be equal tothe distance intervening between the teeth of the rails. The otherrails, L, are ordinary straight smooth rails, and are to be used whenthe holder is"em-' ployed for uninterrupted or continuous union. Thisholder is provided with a screen, N, of colored glass, attached to theholder by a uni- 'versal joint at O,which will permit it to be set inany positionrequired, in order to shield the eyes of the operator fromthe injurious effects of the voltaic are. It is also provided with asecondometer or other suitable timepiece, P, having a stop-lever, a,connected to and arranged to be operated by an arm, I), attached to thehandle end of vibratory stem G. Normally the handle end G is depressedby its spring, thus lifting the carbon and breaking the circuit, and theparts are so adjusted thatin this position the arm b will bring thestoplever to position to stop the time-piece. WVhen, however, the handleis pressed'upward,

thus .bringingthe carbon into action, the stoplever will be moved in adirection to permit the time-piece to start. In thiswaythe duration ofthe operation, in the case of point-union particularly, can beaccurately determined.

It will be of course understood that, instead of connecting the wirefrom vone'pole of the battery directly to the metal to be operated on,'it can be connected to a metallic plate or stand, which serves as aworking-bench to support the metal operated on, the two being of coursein electrical contact. Sucharrangement is represented in Fig. 7, theapparatus being designed for use as a forge. The stand Bis furnishedwith a grooved guide-pulley, c, which receives and supports the metaltangs or shanks of pinchers S, whose handles are sheathed with wood orother'insulating material. The pinchers are in electrical contact withthe metal pulley, over-which they can move to bring the article heldloythem (in this instance supposed to be a chain-link) rm derthe'carbomwhich is supported in astationaryholder. Thecircuit-connections are the same in the other figures. The metal to beoperated on can in this apparatus be heated to the desired extentfandthen can be transferredto the usual anvil and forged in'the cus-. tomaryway. 7

Our invention, as hereinbefore indicated, is susceptible of awide rangeof application. It can be'used, for instance, for joining metals whetherend to end or placed one on top of the other, for'making holes inmetal,'or for dividing a piece of metal into two or more parts,

for steelifying, and for numerous other purposes. I e v Figs. 8 to 19represent some of the ways in which metals may be joined by ourinvention.

These figures require no explanation, further than to say that thedarkened points or lines in them indicate where the metal-has beenoperated on.

Fig. 20 illustrates the manner in which holes may be bored in metals.

Fig. 21 represents a metallic plate having pattern of fused metalincrusted thereon. The

plate is heated to the temperatureof fusion 'atthe point where theextraneous metal is to be applied, and said metal in fused condition isdropped upon the heated point or points, thus 'forming'a metalincrus'tation, which enters and becomes part of the plate. .Inthis waywe can incorporate into the plateother metals, granite, porcelain, &c.

From the foregoing it will be observed that the essence of our inventionis thatthe'metal itself at the point wh'ereit' is operatedon becomes onepole of the voltaic arcfwhile the carbon or other extraneous conductor"approaehed thereto constitutes the other'pole.

Having now described our inventionand the bestway at'present known'to'usof carrying thesame into effect, what we claim, and desire to secureby'Letters Patehtjis as follows 1. The improvement in the'art of joiningor IIO separating metals by means of the directlyapplied electriccurrent,which consists in forming the voltaic are at the desired pointor points, or along the desired line or lines, on said metal by aconductorapproached thereto, which constitutes one pole, while the metalitself constitutes the other pole, as and for the purposes hereinbefor'eset forth 2. The process of topically working plates, blocks, or othersolid masses of metal, which consists in forming the voltaic are atthose points only of the metal which are to be Worked, (leaving theother portions of the same unaifected,) through the agency of anextraneous conductor, which constitutes one pole, while the metal itselfconstitutes the other pole, as and for the purposes hereinbefore setforth. I

3. Thecarbon-carriage consisting of aframe adapted to rest on and moveover the face of the metal to be worked, a carbon or other conductor, aholder therefor carried by said frame and movable to and from the metalon which.

' NICHOLAS DE BENARDOS.

STANISLAS OLSZEVSKI.

Witnesses:

NICHOLAS TSOHEKALOFF, FREDERICK KAUPE.

